Ductile iron castings are integral to many industries, known for their exceptional mechanical properties. These properties are standardized internationally (EN 1563 / ASTM A 395) and must meet stringent customer requirements concerning porosity, inclusions, and dross (Mg-based slag). Key to achieving these standards are the nodularity and nodule count of the iron, both directly influencing its mechanical integrity.
Nodularity and Nodule Count
Nodularity is determined by the Mg-treatment, which reduces sulphur and oxygen levels, preventing flake graphite formation. Most applications require a minimum nodularity of 85%, crucial for ensuring high tensile strength and impact resistance.
Nodule count affects the tendency for carbide formation and porosity. Too few nodules increase carbides and porosity, while too many cause mold expansion and further porosity. The count is influenced by the liquid metal quality, inoculation process, and residual MgS-inclusions.
Liquid Metal Quality
The quality of liquid metal is dependent on the furnace temperature and the duration the metal remains at this temperature. Figure 1 illustrates the equilibrium principle for C/Si, showing how SiO2 formation and its breakdown impact metal quality. Thermal analysis is used to monitor and evaluate these quality parameters.
Inoculation Process
Inoculation introduces nuclei to the liquid metal, enhancing its quality by ensuring a higher nodule count. This process must be carefully controlled, with the importance of timing and the chemical composition of inoculants.
Choosing the Right Inoculant
The effectiveness of an inoculant is influenced by its chemistry and size:
- Chemistry: Elements like Al and Zr accelerate nucleus formation but shorten their effective lifespan. Ba extends both the formation and effective duration, while Mn lowers the inoculant’s melting temperature, speeding up phase 1.
- Size: Smaller inoculants dissolve faster, ideal for late-stage inoculation, ensuring they do not remain as non-dissolved inclusions.
Process Control
Effective inoculation requires precise control over the timing and amount of inoculant added. Typically, a two-stage inoculation is recommended: initially during or after Mg treatment and again close to pouring.
Conclusion
Inoculation is a critical process in producing high-quality ductile iron castings. Proper process control and adherence to thermal analysis results ensure consistent nodule counts and superior casting quality, meeting stringent international and customer standards.
