Introduction to Ferrous Metals
When examining the longevity and durability of marine vessels, understanding the materials from which they are constructed and the application of cathodic protection is essential. Ferrous metals, which include wrought iron, mild steel, stainless steel, and cast iron, are the backbone of shipbuilding. Each of these metals has unique properties and behaviours that influence their performance in the harsh marine environment.
Wrought Iron
Wrought iron, known for its historical use in older Dutch barges and narrowboats, is no longer produced commercially for shipbuilding. Its production ceased around the end of the 19th century, but it remains notable for its resistance to corrosion due to its high phosphorus content, which slows down the rusting process.
Mild Steel
Mild steel, with about 0.23% carbon by weight, is the most common material in modern marine construction. Historically, it has been produced through processes such as the Bessemer, Siemens-Martin, and Open Hearth methods. Today, the Electric Arc method is predominantly used. Mild steel’s balance of strength, ductility, and availability makes it a versatile choice for shipbuilding.
Stainless Steel
Stainless steels, particularly the 304 and 316 types, are valued for their corrosion resistance due to the presence of chromium and sometimes titanium. The 316 type is preferred in marine environments for its superior resistance to pitting and corrosion.
Identifying Ferrous Metals
Marine surveyors use several tests to identify ferrous metals, including visual inspection, the cold chisel test, the file test, the grinding or spark test, and the hardness test.
Visual Test
Visual inspection relies on the surveyor’s experience and knowledge of the appearance and typical corrosion patterns of different metals.
Cold Chisel Test
This test involves striking the metal with a chisel and observing the resulting chips. Different metals produce characteristic chips, which can help identify them.
File Test
Running a file over the metal’s surface and observing the ease with which it bites into the material helps differentiate metals based on their hardness.
Grinding or Spark Test
The color and shape of sparks produced when grinding the metal provide clues about its composition. For instance, wrought iron produces deep red sparks, while mild steel yields white to bright yellow sparks.
Hardness Test
The hardness of the metal, measured by methods such as the Brinell or Vickers tests, correlates with its carbon content. Higher carbon content generally means higher hardness.
Corrosion and Cathodic Protection
Corrosion
Despite common misconceptions, wrought iron does corrode, albeit more slowly than mild steel due to its microstructure. Corrosion in marine environments can be galvanic, electrolytic, or microbiologically induced.
Cathodic Protection
Cathodic protection is a crucial technique in mitigating corrosion. Making the metal surface a cathode of an electrochemical cell prevents anodic reactions that cause corrosion. This method is particularly effective for protecting ship hulls and other submerged structures.
Conclusion
Understanding the properties and identification methods of ferrous metals, along with the principles of corrosion and cathodic protection, is vital for marine surveyors and engineers. This knowledge ensures the maintenance of marine vessels’ structural integrity and longevity, contributing to safer and more reliable maritime operations.
